Sunday, May 24, 2020

How to Calculate Normality of a Solution

The normality of a solution is the gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter of solution. It may also be called the equivalent concentration.  It is indicated using the symbol N, eq/L, or meq/L ( 0.001 N) for units of concentration. For example, the concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution might be expressed as 0.1 N HCl. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a given chemical species (ion, molecule, etc.). The equivalent value is determined using the molecular weight and valence of the chemical species. Normality is the only concentration unit that is reaction dependent. Here are examples of how to calculate the normality of a solution. Key Takeaways Normality is a unit of concentration of a chemical solution expressed as gram equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution. A defined equivalence factor must be used to express concentration.Common units of normality include N, eq/L, or meq/L.Normality is the only unit of chemical concentration that depends on the chemical reaction being studied.Normality is not the most common unit of concentration, nor is its use appropriate for all chemical solutions. Typical situations when you might use normality include acid-base chemistry, redox reactions, or precipitation reactions. For most other situations, molarity or molality are better options for units. Normality Example #1 The easiest way to find normality is from molarity. All you need to know are how many mole of ions dissociate. For example, a 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is 2 N for acid-base reactions because each mole of sulfuric acid provides 2 moles of H ions. 1 M sulfuric acid is 1 N for sulfate precipitation since 1 mole of sulfuric acid provides 1 mole of sulfate ions. Normality Example #2 36.5 grams of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a 1 N (one normal) solution of HCl. A normal is one gram equivalent of a solute per liter of solution. Since hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that dissociates completely in water, a 1 N solution of HCl would also be 1 N for H or Cl- ions for acid-base reactions. Normality Example #3 Find the normality of 0.321 g sodium carbonate in a 250 mL solution. To solve this problem, you need to know the formula for sodium carbonate. Once you realize there are two sodium ions per carbonate ion, the problem is simple: N 0.321 g Na2CO3  x (1 mol/105.99 g) x (2 eq/1 mol)N 0.1886 eq/0.2500 LN 0.0755 N Normality Example #4 Find the percent acid (eq wt 173.8) if 20.07 mL of 0.1100 N base is required to neutralize 0.721 g of a sample. This is essentially a matter of being able to cancel out units to obtain the final result. Remember, if given a value in milliliters (mL), its necessary to convert it to liters (L). The only tricky concept is realizing the acid and base equivalence factors will be in a 1:1 ratio. 20.07 mL x (1 L/1000 mL) x (0.1100 eq base/1 L) x (1 eq acid/1 eq base) x (173.8 g/1 eq) 0.3837 g acid When to Use Normality There are specific circumstances when its preferable to use normality rather than molarity or other unit of concentration of a chemical solution. Normality is used in acid-base chemistry to describe the concentration of hydronium (H3O) and hydroxide (OH-). In this situation, 1/feq is an integer.The equivalence factor or normality is used in precipitation reactions to indicate the number of ions that will precipitate. Here, 1/feq is once again and integer value.In redox reactions, the equivalence factor indicates how many electrons can be donated or accepted by an oxidizing or reducing agent. For redox reactions, 1/feq may be a fraction. Considerations Using Normality Normality is not an appropriate unit of concentration in all situations. First, it requires a defined equivalence factor. Second, the normality is not a set value for a chemical solution. Its value can change according to the chemical reaction being examined. For example, a solution of CaCl2 that is 2 N with respect to the chloride (Cl-) ion would only be 1 N with respect to the magnesium (Mg2) ion. Reference The use of the equivalence concept. IUPAC (archived).

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Personal Statement Of Public Health Research Essay

Statement of Purpose I’d fallen ill while visiting my grandparents in the northern part of Nigeria and was taken to a 2-room health facility where I witnessed an unfathomable scene. In the hallway, lying on a wooden bench, a pregnant woman moaned loudly, in labor. Tossing and turning, she flinched in pain as she reached around the rusted nails protruding from the bench while simultaneously following the midwife’s directions. For many weeks, I couldn’t get the image out of my head. I remember thinking, ‘Why was she giving birth on a wooden bench? Are there no beds?’ Of course, as I advanced in my education in the world of healthcare, I came to realize that those were deceptively simple questions that delved into issues of access to quality healthcare in low resource settings. This and other questions drove me to research and birthed my interest in public health. My first true introduction to public health research is working with marginalized and vulnerable populations who are often faced with limited access to healthcare. I became intrigued working with this group when I realized they faced limited access to HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) services. As a young researcher, I was curious to understand the risk factors that increased the high burden (25%) of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) living in Nigeria. There was limited research to inform program interventions. Yet, other high risk groups (female sex workers and injecting drug users) wereShow MoreRelatedCode Of Ethics And Professional Conduct For The Respiratory Therapist1254 Words   |  6 Pageswithin their scope accepted and responsible practice. This statement is put in place to insure that the respiratory therapist only performs what they are competent on. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Benefits and cost Free Essays

Costs would be Just the opposite of several of these, but would also include lack of a good warranty, or not being able to find a place that can service the time-piece. Top Reasons You Want A Nice Watch†, A. Adams, 2011 . We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits and cost or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) A weight loss diet can boost self- esteem, energy levels, desirability to those you wish to attract. Good health, though. Is the greatest benefit of a weight loss diet. Costs could be the difficulty level of being able to stick with the diet. Losing weight improperly can cause health issues; if the weight loss diet you have to offer is unhealthy this can be a cost. High prices of weight loss can be prohibitive. (â€Å"Lose Weight, Gain Tons of Benefits†, K. Zealand, n. D. ) Things that could be beneficial to a cruise would be location. Everyone likes to go to beautiful places. Nice accommodation and service areas on board the ship are a must. Other important things can be safety, atmosphere, variety of activities, and areas to relax. Costs could be the expensiveness of the cruise, sea sickness, and boredom. (â€Å"The Pros and Cons of Cruise Travel†, A. Powers, 2012) For a new checking account at a bank, the benefits could be ease of deposits, such as online deposits by way of device APS. Being able to cancel checks easily Is Important. The availability of accessing your cash easily Is very Important. Free ATM and debit cards, and the availability of paperless electronic statements can also be beneficial. Costs would include high bounced check fees, annual account fees, and the fact that many businesses are moving away from even accepting checks. (â€Å"Seven Questions to Ask Before Opening a Bank Account†, G. Dwellers, 2013) Ariel Adams, (2011). Top Reasons You Want A Nice Watch. A Blob to Watch. Retrieved July 14, 2014, blowtorch. Com: http://www. blowtorch. Com/top-reasons-you- want-a-nice-expensive-watch/ Kathleen M. Zealand, (n. D. ). Lose Weight, Gain Tons of Benefits. Web MD. Retrieved July 14, 2014, WebMD. Com: http://www. WebMD. Com/delete/features/lose-wealth-gal.- tons-of-benefits India Powers, (2012). The Pros and Cons of Cruise Travel. Apartment Therapy. Retrieved July 14, 2014, parenthetically. Com: http://www. parenthetically. Com/ the-pros-and-cons-of-cruise-travel-192288 Gerri Dwellers, (2013). Seven Questions to Ask Before Opening a Bank Account. Credit. Retrieved July 14, 2014, credit. Com: http://www. credit. Com/personal-Flanagan- questions-to-ask-before-opening-bank-account/ Benefits and cost By wheelhouses ay of device APS. Being able to cancel checks easily is important. The availability of accessing your cash easily is very important. Free ATM and debit cards, and the Before Opening a Bank Account†, G. Detailer, 2013) July 14, 2014, WebMD. Com: http://www. WebMD. Com/diet/features/lose-weight-gain- the-pros-and-cons-of-cruise-travel-192288 Gerri Detailer, (2013). Seven Questions to Ask Before Opening a Bank Account. Credit. Retrieved July 14, 2014, credit. Com: http://www. Credit. Com/personal-Flanagan- questions-to-ask-before-opening-bank-account/ How to cite Benefits and cost, Papers

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Reserach Method Collection

Question: Write an essay on Data Collection? Answer: Data collection is the most vital part of a research project as it is through the data collection that a researcher reaches the proper outcome of the project. When the researcher is considering carrying out a project regarding international business, the qualitative data collection becomes even more important. It is up to the researcher to decide how to collect the data after the person is done with choosing the participants. As qualitative data collection hugely depends on another person or group of people, it is important that the research handles the participants and keep certain things in mind that will helps the researcher to get a proper outcome of the project (Ryan, Bernard, 2003). The essay will focus on the importance of the qualitative data collection while researching on international business and the factors are essential to keep in mind while collecting the qualitative data. Moreover, it is important that the researcher restate the research statement, the research quest ions and the purpose of the researcher project before colleting the qualitative data for international business. Researchproblem When an organization ventures in an international market, it faces a lot of issues while managing the human resource as well as in the marketing perspective. The research will mainly focus on the problems faced by the marketing team while venturing in an international destination and doing an international business. Purpose The purpose of this research is to evaluate the problems and issues that the marketing team will face while venturing in an international market. Researchquestions What are the issues faced while acquiring new suppliers in the international region? What are the issues faced by the organization while recruiting new employees in the international location? What are the issues faced by the organization while setting up the business in the new location international location will have new regulations and laws by the government? The fieldwork that can be undertaken to answer the research questions will be in the form of interview (Bazeley, 2013). The interviews of the employees of the organization which is veturing in the international location will be important for the research. The observation will be a simultaneous process when the researcher will observe the participants, the change in behavior and whether they are comfortable while giving the interviews. The quality of the researcher lies in the fact that whether the person is able to understand the behavior of the participants and decide that whether the participants are giving authentic answers. In addition to this, the researcher can also talk with the people related to the participants. To get authentic information about the research project, the researcher can do the extra fieldwork of taking the feedback of the other people so that the researcher is sure about the outcome form the qualitative data collection. The role of field notes is very important for the qualitative data collection as far as international business is concerned. The field notes let the researcher to take an account about the important information that will be useful in the future (Cook Farmer, 2011). In addition to this, the field notes help the researcher to relate to the problems of the participants when the person is making the final draft. Then researcher can write down the field notes to take an account of the information that are not directly related to the problems of the research but might be helpful in solving the issues. The advantages of the observations are that it gives the researcher a chance to add some extra information as an outcome of the researcher (Friese, 2011). The observations also let the researcher to state about the further research projects that can be done by other researcher. The main disadvantage of the observations is that it is completely the perspective of the researcher (Gibbs, 2011). It might happen that he observation made by the researcher might not be true. Hence, if the researcher uses the observation then the outcome of the research might differ due to the use of the observations. The interview of the participants let the researcher to get the answer for the research questions in depth (Friese, 2012). While interviewing the participants, the researcher not only asks the questions but indulge in various other conversations, this helps the researcher to get ideas to develop the researcher questions if needed to enhance the quality of the projects. Face-to-face interviews will be better than electronic interviews. The main reason for choosing face-to-face interview over the electronic interviews is that it helps the researcher to study the participants in detail (Grbich, 2013). However, as he employees are venturing in anew location, the employees might not be available to the researcher. The electronic interview at times create problems as the participants do not get time to go through the questions and at times send the answers after the deadline. The researcher then has to keep extra participants in hand who could fill the space for the participants who are unable to send the feedback in the given time. Along with the benefits of the face-to face interview there are certain disadvantages (Rubin Rubin, 2012). The participants are at times accompanied by other employees. At times, the co-employees are helpful in completing the project. However, there are certain times, when the researcher might have to ask personal questions, then the presence of the co-employees might not let the participants give authentic answers (Ritchie, Spencer, 2002). Hence, the researcher has to tactically handle the situations. There are certain ethical issues that the researcher should keep in mind while collecting data for qualitative data analysis (SaldanÃÅ'Æ’a, 2011). The participants who are unwilling to take part in the interview should not be forced to take part in the interview. There are certain projects which involves personal questions if the participants hesitate to give answers to such questions, the researcher should not force the participants to make them answer the questions. If the participants do not want their personal information to become public, the researcher should respect the decision of the participants and keep the information secret. If the situations demand the researcher to let out the information, the researcher should take the permission of the participants and then do the needful. If the participants do not want to let out any information that is related to the companys policy regarding international business then the researcher would not force the employees to give the information. The results of the coding and analysis that will help the researcher reach a proper outcome. The 14 steps that the researcher should; consider while doing the coding the coding and analysis are as follows (Krathwohl, 2009): Creating a storyline It helps the researcher to communicate with the readers as the readers follow the coding process like a story and not just calculations Code the data Assigning a name to each category so that the researcher does not get confused at the a later stage Pre-set codes The researcher mighthave thought ofcoding method.The pre-set codes can be up to ten and or can extend till 40-50 codes. However, it is better that the researcher keep the number of codes less Emergent codes The emergent codes are those that emerge in between the research. There can be certain codes which the researcher might not have thought of but has emerged while the researcher was in the middle of the research Coding as a system and organizing data Marinating a system in way of coding is the best way that the researcher can code a data. The researcher should first analyze what is the research objective and then do the coding Refining codes The researcher should keep on checking the codes and see if the codes need any revision or refining Open coding The researcher predicts the outcome of the result while studying he feedback of the participants Axial coding Axial coding tries to find out the relation between the feedback of the participants Creating a table A table helps the researcher to keep a track of the list of coding that have been done and the remaining that is left be done Coding notes Just like field notes, coding notes is an important part. The tes will help the resecher in the final level Illustration of coding An illustration is necessary while the researcher is coding a material Checking the code Checking whether the coding process is completed and if it needs any further changes Evaluating the code Evaluating the codes and see whether the process has been correct and whether the codes can help the researcher reach a proper outcome Results Finally the results is reached which has been achieved from the coding and analyzing Thus, it can be concluded that qualitative data collection is an important part of a research work as far as international business is concerned. Hence, when the researcher is carrying out qualitative data collection, the person should be aware of certain issues and take measures that the data collection process is successful. It has been identified that face-to face interview is one of the best methods to carry out a qualitative data collection in international business as the employees will be able to speak about the problems in an effective manner. It is necessary that every researcher should follow the steps of coding so that the researcher is sure that the steps taken for the data collection are proper and full proof. References Bazeley, P. (2013). Qualitative data analysis. Los Angeles [i.e. Thousand Oaks, Calif.]: SAGE Publications. Cook, D., Farmer, L. (2011). Using qualitative methods in action research. [Chicago]: Association of College and Research Libraries. Friese, S. (2011). Qualitative data analysis with ATLAS.ti. Los Angeles, Calif. [u.a.]: Sage. Friese, S. (2012). Qualitative data analysis with ATLAS.ti. London: SAGE. Gibbs, G. (2011). Analyzing qualitative data. Los Angeles [u.a.]: SAGE. Grbich, C. (2013). Qualitative data analysis. London: SAGE Publications. Krathwohl, D. R. (2009). Methods of educational and social science research: The logic of methods. Waveland Press. Ritchie, J., Spencer, L. (2002). Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. The qualitative researchers companion, 305-329. Rubin, H., Rubin, I. (2012). Qualitative interviewing. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Ryan, G. W., Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field methods, 15(1), 85-109. SaldanÃÅ'Æ’a, J. (2011). Fundamentals of qualitative research. New York: Oxford University Press.