Maslow s The Hierarchy Of Needs - 1769 Words

Summary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Jennifer Thompson Arkansas Tech University Author Note This individual research paper is being submitted on October 13, 2014 for Loretta Cochran’s Management [BUAD 3123] course. Summary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow developed the theories of motivation because he felt that the sophistication of human behavior could not be portrayed through reinforcement or rewards. He felt that human action were directed toward realization and fulfillments and that behavior could be gratified while using multiple types of needs at the same time. Maslow wanted to find positive motivation as to why people react or engage in certain behaviors. He felt that basic survival was based upon his five theories and that long lasting success could be mastered upon the completion of these theories. Maslow based his observations on positive healthy individuals because he felt his predecessors gave too much attention to human weaknesses. He chose his samples very specifically primarily, males of high political and social status that were acknowledged by many as being distinguished and smart. Beginning in 1943 Maslow’s theories established the four basic needs and then before 1954 he added the fifth label. According to research in 1970 there was added an extended three levels to the hierarchy but not all accounts are given to Maslow but to those that may have contributed to the study. The first four basic theories areShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1741 Words   |  7 PagesMaslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs include five levels, and at the certain extent, reflect the rule of human s activities on psychological and behavior. Herzberg’ describe the more details of worker agree or disagree about working. In this essay, more related knowledge details and effects will de described, then, analysis the two theories individual, choose a be tter one. II. Describe the two theories. 2.1Maslow’s hierarchy of needs The Maslow’s hierarchy of needsRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1536 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of how to motivate different personality types. In the research I am going to compare Maslow’s hierarchy of needs against Lawrence and Nohira’s 4 drive theory in an attempt to better understand their possible uses inside an organizational structure. Let’s first take a look a look at the two theories before discussing their potential benefit. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. We need to keep in mind that Maslow’s field was phycology, so his research was done from a medical viewpoint more soRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1524 Words   |  7 PagesSummary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow developed the theories of motivation because he felt that the sophistication of human behavior could not be portrayed through reinforcement or rewards. He felt that human action were directed toward realization and fulfillments and that behavior could be gratified while using multiple types of needs at the same time. Maslow wanted to find positive motivation as to why people react or engage in certain behaviors. He felt that basic survivalRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1295 Words   |  6 PagesMaslow’s hierarchy of needs (p. 379 in EP)? Outline each level and discuss how it relates to motivation. Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He originally studied law because of the influence of my parents, but after marrying his first cousin, Bertha Goodman, and moving to Wisconsin, he became interested in psychology. After achieving his Masters in Psychology, Maslow moved back to Brooklyn and started teaching at a school there. â€Å"One of the many interesting things Maslow noticedRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs982 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Maslow was one of the most influential and important educational psychologists and is recognized by many for his theory on mankind’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s theory which is known as â€Å"Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs† is best explained as a pyramid of needs that we as humans must meet in order to progress to another stage of needs. There are five stages in the pyramid of needs and they go as follows: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and finally self-actualization. MaslowRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1498 Words   |  6 Pagesjust want to survive in life they want to flourish. Maslow s hierarchy of needs explains to us a ranking of needs for most essential to the least. While the interactionist point of view explains how humans are social creatures and social interaction is just as important as all of the other needs listed on Maslow’s Model. Maslow s hierarchy of needs is a ranking of needs for most essential to the least. Corrections Today explains that Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist born in New York, heRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1846 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of needs (HON) to try and explain human psychological developments and how these manifest themselves into a worker’s life. We will explore some issues brought up by the model and why it may lack a certain the degree of unification and how it could potentially work better if entwined with other views. Motivation is the â€Å"word derived from the word ’motive’ It’s the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals† (guide, 2017) Also, MaslowRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages This international technology company demands strong motivation, stupendous leadership and great understanding between workers. Leaders need to create willingness amongst the employees to operate at their highest potential; this willingness is referred to as motivation. This report is based on a content/needs theory of motivation (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs). It consists of two pieces of primary research on the theory. The first one summarises worker motivation on selected construction sites inRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1388 Words   |  6 Pages Abraham Maslow was an American philosopher who was born in the early 1990 s in Brooklyn, New York. He was one of the leading theorists that promoted humanistic psychology during his era. Maslow sought to understand what motivates and inspires individuals. He theorized that individuals possess and hold a group of motivation and incentive systems not related to plunder or insensible desires. Maslow declared that people are motivated and provoked to attain certain needs. When one need is fulfilledRead MoreThe Maslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pages Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Submitted by: Deepali Kotecha (student number: 4288370) Submitted to: Mr Simon Bishop Date: 14th November 2016 Introduction to management University of Nottingham First year coursework Table of contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Introduction Running and managing a successful company requires strenuous efforts. Organisations are forced to be flexible, efficient and productive to excel at their performance. This

Student Loan Debt - 778 Words

Markevia Lee Wendy Norris Persuasive Speech Rough Draft Outline Title: Student loan Debt Crisis Speaker: Markevia Lee Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience of their choice of taking out student loans. Thesis Statement: College is not something to put off until after you have graduated, students need to find ways to pay for college before they graduate. I. Introduction: Attention-getter: The increasing trend of college students graduating with significant more student loan debt than job prospects is both alarming and detrimental to the future growth of the nation. The cost of education and the widespread of federal student loans have created an education bubble to rival the housing boom that sparked the recession of†¦show more content†¦The government needs to work to reduce the cost of college tuition because college is necessary in a competitive economy, tuition has become too expensive for the majority of average Americans, and the current system of financial aid is ineffective. 2. Government incentives for giving out private loans freely 3. Will foster smarter economic decisions in terms of which college to choose. 4. Government can intervene to spur colleges to lower astronomical rates 5. Base on class statistics 83 percent out of 16 percent thinks the government should forgive student loan debt once a student has completed college an d has obtain a job in the field of study. Source: (http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/federal-workplace/bs-md-fd-workplace-loans-2015103-story.html.) Transition: (students often borrow and spend more money than their budget allows.) 1. Class statistics 92 percent believe many Americans are using loan money for living expenses and other bills. Source: (http://www.financialaidfinder.com/student-loan-search/living-expenses/.) 2. A student with poor budget awareness may run out of money necessary to buy books, pay tuition, or for other important expenses of living. 3. Many college students may be working with credit or debit cards for the first time in their lives, and without properShow MoreRelatedStudent Loan Debt And Consumer Choice2824 Words   |  12 PagesStudent Loan Debt and Consumer Choice In today’s society, student loans are haunting the lives of millions of postgraduates all over the United States. Students who have carelessly taken out loans and those in serious need of financial aid for their college education are now burdened with thousands of dollars worth of debt. As the student debt average continues to increase in our nation, the budgets of postgraduates begin to dwindle and the amount of defaults grow dramatically. With the large studentRead MoreStudent Loans And Student Loan Debt898 Words   |  4 Pagestelevision. Unfortunately, at a staggering $1,200 per month in student loan repayment debt partly because she was misinformed of the terms of her student loan (55). Debt is foreseeable but student loan debt can leave borrowers distraught at the mere thought of the unrealistic terms (Hillstrom 55). All students entering college need to be aware of student loans and how they impact the future; either negatively or positively. For some students, a college degree is the key to success but for others theRead MoreThe Debt Of Student Loan Debt1168 Words   |  5 Pagesconsumer debt, which help contribute to the large sums of debt countless Americans find themselves faced with. Directly effecting many college students is student loan debt. Student loan debt is now the second largest form of consumer debt behind housing† declares the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (Grisales). This is due to the fact that student loan debt grew 7.1% in 2014 to $1.2 trillion (Grisales). If this statistic alone is not worrisome this next one is sure to be. The amount of debt in theRead MoreStudent Loan Debt1074 Words   |  5 Pagesof Financial Literacy Available in Regard to Student Loan Debt This personal finance paper will concentrate on the insufficient amount of guidance that is available concerning student loans. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how prospective and current college students are ill prepared in their education and understanding of student loans. Three major issues that will be outlined in this paper include the large majority of college students are no longer able to pay for college out of pocketRead MoreStudent Loans And Student Debt1128 Words   |  5 Pagesthe moment for many students are student loans. Young college students who don’t have the money, don’t have enough scholarship money, or family who doesn’t have the money to pay, will apply for student loans each year. They amount the student receives can vary depending on the college and what the student has achieved academically. Though interest rates are low with subsidized being 4.29% and unsubsidized being 5.84% (Federal Student Aid Interest rates and Fees), st udent loans still have a huge effectRead MoreStudent Loan Debt2542 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Student Loan Case 1) Summarize the student loan industry. Answer with respect to both public and private loans and be clear as to which you are referring to. a) What led to the inception of the student loan market? The inception of the student loan market started like any other loan market, there were a large amount of borrowers who needed money now to invest in college to make more later that were matched with lenders who had excess funds and wanted return on the funds. The National DefenseRead MoreStudent Loan Debt: Is it worth it?1364 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Loan Debt: Is it worth it?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many high school students are beginning their senior year and have already started to stress about how they will pay for their higher education. Although many students will have scholarships and financial aid, a lot more will struggle to pay for schooling and will have to take out multiple student loans. Many people wonder if higher education is worth the debt the country and the students are in and it is, however, there are alternatives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreBenefits Of A Student Loan Debt991 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a student finally graduates from college there is this excitement that comes to you. You finally graduated and now can apply the things you have learned in the job or career you plan on. Unfortunately, it’s not that simple, many graduating student finds themselves in hug student loan debt. The numbers are staggering: more than $1.2 trillion in outstanding student loan debt, 40 million borrowers, an average balance of $29,000. Men and women laboring under student debt are postponing marriageRead MoreThe Student Loan Debt Total1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe student loan debt total was about nine hundred and two million dollars to one trillion dollars in the United States in 2012; the federal student loan debt made up about eight hundred and sixty-four billion dollars of the total debt (Driscoll and Clapp). Many people in the United States that cannot afford college tuition and additional fees take student loans and/or federal grants. Student loans are different from federal grants in that the loans have to be paid back with interest, while federalRead MoreStudent Loan Debt On College Students887 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Loan Debt on College Students Student loans are becoming more and more of a problem for college students all across the United States. As college tuition has significantly increased over the past years, it has become extremely common for most college students to finance their education through student loans. Tuition has become so expensive that it is almost unheard of for a student to pay for their tuition out of pocket or by working for their education part time. As the result of

Immigration Ellis Island free essay sample

In the nineteenth and twentieth century Irish Immigrants came to Ellis Island to start their new lives in America. Immigrants from all over traveled far distances to start a new life, and believed that America would help them. A writer by the name of Irving Howe wrote about the experiences that immigrants faced when reaching Ellis Island. He titled his work Ellis Island. In order to live in America, you first had to meet the requirements at Ellis Island. Immigrants had to undergo many tests which include eye exams, mental exams which were given by asking questions, and their private parts were checked as well. After meeting these requirements they were able to pass through and start their new lives in America. Most of these immigrants had high expectations for their new lives in order to put the troubles of Ireland in their past. Although their outcomes differed. Some were able to come earn their living and live happy, while some struggled greatly, and many suffered far worse conditions than if they had stayed in their homeland. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration Ellis Island or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to being called upon for the Parliamentary Fund, many families in Ireland struggled to make a living. That is why America served as a positive alternative for living. When coming to America some found that their lives changed for the better. A women commonly called Aunt Jane came over in the steerage of a Ocean Sidewheeler. (Aunt Jane must move from barge office gate: she has a little) Aunt Jane was said to be a smart women and from reading about her you could tell she had ambitions. These characteristics lead to easily finding a job. After having a job she realized that she wanted to start her own business with Fruit and Peanuts. She obtained permission from the Treasury Department at Washington. Other Irish immigrants were stuck working in mines. (Roosevelt Finds Mine life better) Roosevelt went to the homes of these miners to see their conditions. The conditions were so bad that Roosevelt believed these homes should be eradicated. Many families lived in one area, leading to worse conditions. Also in the article it was said that although the conditions have improved over time, they are not at all satisfactory. In the article titled Against irish Immigration, it is said that although the conditions in Ireland may be bad, they you must stay there if you can. This is due to the fact that with all the immigration, America wont be much better for the immigrants. In order to emphasize the point the article used the phrase the devil you know is less to be dreaded than the devil you dont know. Which i believe means that although you dont like your life in Ireland, you dont know what may come of your life if you were to go to America. Life in America was different for all immigrants. Although immigrants come up with their own expectations for how their life will be, it doesnt mean it will really turn out that way for them. Life was different for most of them.

The Five Turing Points Of Hamlet Essay Example For Students

The Five Turing Points Of Hamlet Essay The act of revenge seems simple, do to others what they have done to you. This is not the case in Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, where Hamlet, a melancholy and contemptuous protagonist ponders the assassination of his father. Hamlet, throughout the play, undergoes a transformation, from a conniving schemer to seeing reality and acting based on the situation. Hamlet undergoes feelings of indecisiveness and procrastination as he picks up the pieces of the murder of his father and the abrupt marriage of his mother to the new king. He explains his metamorphosis through his five major soliloquies. Hamlets first soliloquy (129-159) allows the audience insight on the true workings of the Hamlets psyche and the court. The soliloquy explains the reason for the obvious tension at court as well the difference between his public appearances and attitude towards Claudius. In the previous scene, Hamlet upon his return to Denmark is much more submissive, while on line 140 he refers to his uncle as a satyr(140). Hamlet then reveals the true source of his rage, Frailty, thy name is woman! (146). We will write a custom essay on The Five Turing Points Of Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now His mother cried unrighteous tears (156), at the funeral of his father because With such dexterity in incestuous sheets his mother remarried his uncle. Hamlet, not only upset about the death of his father, is appalled that she had not mournd longer, married mine uncle(149), shattering Hamlets Oedipus complex fantasy. Hamlet realizes that to enact revenge, upon the corrupted society, must hold my tongue! (158). The second major soliloquy (552-610) reveals Hamlets plan, not to act rashly and murder the king, but to trap him and force him to react to an altered Mousetrap. Hamlet initially speaks of his true conflict, his desire to get revenge for his murdered father, yet his distaste for cold blooded murder. Then, after calculating the ideas in his head, Hamlet decides follow through with his plans for murder if the ghost is correct in his accusation of Claudius. Hamlet needs concrete proof before committing a mortal sin, he must catch the conscience of the king. (610). Knowing he does not possess the courage to act out such a heinous act, Hamlet pumps him self up by calling his uncle Bloody, bawdy villain! Remorseless, treacherous (585). His rage will give him the push he needs to transfer his premeditated thoughts into action. After pushing himself to the breaking point, he simmers down with a dose of common sense, noting his rash action. He realizes although he has to murder his uncle, just killing him would not get the task done, he must also remove the poison his uncle laced into the country. After his speech Hamlet is ready to take the first task Ill have the players play something like the murder of my father before mine uncle; (600). The nearly the midpoint of the play is possibly the best known soliloquy of all time, To be or not to be, (Act 3. 57-90). In this passage, Hamlet confronts the most controversial point of all time, what is the meaning of life? So far, his soliloquies have been driven by primal emotions, anger and rage. Finally allowing his practicality to govern his mind, Hamlet debates life is worth all the suffering. Upon the return from college, Hamlet has suffered the supposed murder of a father, hasty remarriage of his mother, betrayal of friends and pangs of diprizd love (73), from Ophelia. He simply asks if it is nobler of the mind to suffer(58) or end the misery in a single action. .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc , .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc .postImageUrl , .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc , .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc:hover , .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc:visited , .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc:active { border:0!important; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc:active , .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u92c8a8fc5e60b63d6febdb62c953b9dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Julietby William Shakespeare EssayHe can not come to a logical conclusion, lacking evidence for in that sleep of death what dreams may come (66). However, Hamlet would never commit suicide for it is condemned by the church as a mortal sin. Ironically, the cold blooded murder he is calculating is also a mortal sin, yet he goes against suicide for that reason. Hamlet, overwhelmed by the success of his Mousetrap scheme falters when an opportune moment arises to kill Claudius. In his fourth major soliloquy (Act 3. 3 95-end) Hamlet, sees a vulnerable Claudius, suffers an attack of conscience when a simple stroke would have finished the job. Many critics believe that the basis of his procrastination is his inability to commit premeditated murder. Claudius, when Hamlet approaches, is in the middle of repenting his sins, reminding Hamlet of the ghost saying that he is doomed for a certain time to walk the night and for the day confind to fast in fires(10-11) for not confessing his malefactions. Hamlets conscience is jolted, because he wanted to kill Claudius in sin, and murder now would not be noble. However, he now has concrete proof of the assassination of his father, when Claudius exclaims A brothers murder! (39). Hamlet is handed the perfect opportunity, yet he is still unable to follow through, which he later blames his tendency of thinking too precisely on th event (Act 4. 4 41). So far, Hamlet has not made any material progress towards his goal of revenge. Ironically, in the end of act three Claudius takes back his confession, My words fly up, my thoughts remain below: Words without thoughts never to heaven go. (98-99). Finally, the last soliloquy of the play (4. 4 32-end) shows us the complete transformation of Hamlets character. Hamlets conscience can no longer retaliate against the reasons for murder and revenge. The soliloquy focuses on Hamlets analysis of Fortinbras compared to himself. Fortinbras travels to Poland with his army to conquer a little patch of ground (18). Hamlet sees this march not of necessity, but a march of reputation, find quarrel in the straw when honours at stake. (55). This mindset causes Hamlet to feel guilty as if he forgot his father in a bestial oblivion (44). When he attacks his personality, he realizes his crucial flaw, indecisiveness. His new found confidence has allows him to relate the idea of Fortinbras, the immanent deaths of twenty thousand men, for a fantasy (60-61). Now, Hamlet doesnt see the revenge of his fathers murder as an obligation, more as a necessary act. He accepts the repercussions of his actions, How all occasions do inform against me. (32). Hamlet, now ready to take action is ready to face his uncle. Finally, From this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth! (66). Hamlet goes through a complete character transformation in Shakespeares play. He begins each soliloquy as an update as to where Hamlets conscious lies at that moment. In the first soliloquy Hamlet is overwhelmed with rage and frustration, and in no position to take a serious action. Second, Hamlet begins to think logically and realizes before going any further with revenge, he needs solid proof. In the next soliloquy, Hamlet finally, devoid of strong emotion, seriously contemplates if all his suffering is leading to a purpose. Fourth, Hamlet has an ideal opportunity to underhandedly kill Claudius, but chooses not to act. In his final soliloquy, Hamlet is ready for action; he has put all of his uncertainty behind him and is ready to bring the truth to light. He will speak daggers(145) no more, it is time for his actions to be as bloody as his thoughts.

Sappho Essay Example

Sappho Essay Example Sappho Essay Sappho Essay Island of Losses Summary of Introduction (Peg. 1 1) World Literature; An Anthology of Great Short Stories, Poetry, and Drama The introduction introduces a life of a young poet named Shop. Shop was known as being, Among the earliest known female lyric poets. Sapped poems were composed of detailed material which was recognized by the Greek Philosopher Plato. On the island of Losses, in the town of Eros, Shop was born to an aristocratic family. Following the death of her father, Shop continued to live her life with the aristocratic in her mothers inborn town, Imminent. Later in life, Shop had a daughter and they set their home in Syracuse, Sicily during, a period of political turbulence. The lyric poetry used by Shop was not something that was originally written in her time era. Most poetry was, passed from poet to poet with the goal of keeping the work intact and distinct from the poet who was reciting it. Because of the time era Shop was living in, she was able to keep her poetry distinct and made in her own identity. In most of her poetry Shop was freely influenced by the native folk songs, giving it a personal feel. Shop was the leader and teacher of a group of women and girls from aristocratic families. Because of this, she wrote most of her poetry for them and read it to them during their privileged meetings. Along with the native folk songs contributing to her poetry, her, Family, friends, and feelings, added to the sincerity of her poems. Most of Sapped poems did not survive. Most of the ones that survived are parts of poems found in Egypt. This poem, To an Army Wife, in Saris, is only one of two full poems found to this day. To an Army Wife, in Saris By: Shop Some say cavalry corps, mom infantry, some, again, will maintain that swift oars of our fleet are the finest that whatever one loves, is. This is easily proved: did not Helen she who had scanned the flower of the worlds manhood choose as first among men one who laid Troys honor in ruin? Warped to his will, forgetting love due her own blood, her own child, she wandered far with him. So Inactions, although you being far away forget u s, the dear sound of your footstep and light glancing in your eyes would move me more than glitter of Lydia horse or armored tread of mainland infantry. Understanding the Poem: . Reread the introductory material and then consider the following possibilities: (a) Shop is writing to a friend who is off with her husband in Saris (a city in the ancient kingdom of Lydia, in what is now Turkey); (b) a soldier, away on a tour of duty is writing to his wife back home. Who do you think is the speaker of this poem? Is it important to know who the speaker is? The speaker is a soldier away on a tour of duty, writing to his wife back home. It is very important to know who the speaker of their point of view. It helps give them a voice. 2. Why does the speaker mention the pinions of others (Some say) as well as his or her own opinions? Because this person sees their opinions as important as their own opinions and that it is important to see their point of view on things, Just like their own point of view on things is important to themselves. 3. To what extent, if any, do you think that Inactions has forgotten the speaker? To a small extent has Inactions forgotten the speaker. He is her husband whom went against the will of their parents with her. Forgetting who he is, is merely impossible. Analyzing Literary Technique: 1 . How does Shop appeal to the senses in this poem? What advantage do you find in her approach? Most of the word choices in Sapped poem Whelp the reader understand what they are reading with their senses. For example in line 14 it says she wandered far with him. It gets you to use your sense of sight. Because it gives you an image of what you are reading. By using senses in the poem it gives the reader a help in understanding in what she is trying to explain. 2. What is the function of contrast in this poem? Contrast is used not in exactly in the words she has written. For example dog is to car. The contrast that is in this poem is in the thoughts f the family members of this husband and wife. The parents are not in favor of them getting married, so their thoughts contrast with the thoughts of their children. 3. What does Sapped use of apostrophe contribute to the poem? By using apostrophe, it gives the reader the feeling of missing someone who is not there. In this case the man who is at war is missing his wife back home who, in his life at the moment, is missing. 4. Why does the narrator make an allusion to Helen of Troy? That way the reader can understand where this may be taking place and the time setting. Writing About Literature: 1 . Sapped attitude towards Helen of Troy is despite. She writes as if she despises what she has done and what could happen in the future. In a sense, Shop does treat her analysis of Helen of Troy fairly. What Helen of Troy did was not something that most approved of. So I think in Sapped defense, what she is saying about her is truly fair. The feelings that Shop is suggesting between Helen and Inactions is, Shop is giving the voice of the poem the feelings about Inactions, that Shop has about Helen of Troy. 2. Dear Friend, Im sorry I had to leave you. There are so many more things in this world, and with oh being gone, I had the feeling that I needed to explore it. The war that has possessed you, has possessed you completely. You were never my own, once you left. I have great memories of you. Going against everything my parents had said and marrying me anyway. How unbelievable. But this world is much fuller of experiences than I could have ever imagined, hence the reason I left. I have been searching for the things of this new world I am discovering and I hope you will understand. Yours Truly, Inactions Connotation: The attitudes and feelings associated with a word. These associations an be negative or positive, and have an important influence on style and meaning. The word love has a difference of feelings in the poem. It is happy and Joyful and then turns to sadness and sorrow. Figurative Language: Language that communicates ideas beyond the ordinary or literal meaning of the words. The word fleet in the poem is not known as a ship, it is known as the strong army. Onomatopoeia: The use of a word whose sound suggests its meaning. The word swift in the poem sounds like something that moves quickly. Swift does mean quickly or fast moving. But when re-reading the top of the poem its gives you clues in being bled to come to the conclusion that fleet meaner Army or Military. 12. R. 2. 1 (Evaluation) Students can evaluate how style affects the meaning of text. Most of what is used in the poem is imagery. It helps give you the image off man at War, writing to his lover back home. Other parts of the poem give you the image of someone returning home, a friend missing another, and the light glancing in someones eyes. 12. R. 3. 1 (Analysis) Students can analyze text for the authors style. The author uses a melancholy style of writing, by showing one lover leaving another. As written in the mom, She wandered far with him And the line, Being far away Gives you the sad feeling that is portrayed. 12. R. 4. 1. (Evaluation) Students can evaluate the depiction of human experience in literary works from diverse cultures, locations, and time periods. The time period is in Ancient Greek times. It shows this by having a lovers vendetta with the parents. This poem is kind of similar to the story line of Romeo and Juliet. By knowing that this was similar to Romeo and Juliet, it did help with knowing the time line and what could be happening at that moment.

Tips for Teachers to Avoid Compromising Situations

Tips for Teachers to Avoid Compromising Situations Educators are often looked upon to be moral leaders for a community. They have such a profound impact on and contact with youth that they are often held to higher moral standards than the average person. They are expected to avoid compromising situations. Whether you agree or disagree with this sentiment, it is still a reality and one that should be taken into consideration for anyone thinking about becoming a teacher. It seems like you cannot open a newspaper or watch the news without seeing another educator that failed to avoid a compromising situation. These situations do not typically occur on whimsy, but instead, develop over a period of time. They almost always begin because the educator lacked good judgment and put themselves in a compromising situation. The situation continues and progresses for many different reasons. It likely could have been avoided if the educator would have acted rationally and worked to avoid the initial compromising situation. Educators would avoid 99% of these situations if they simply use good common sense. Once they make the initial error in judgment, it is almost impossible to correct the mistake without there being consequences. Educators cannot put themselves in a compromising situation. You must be proactive in avoiding these situations. There are several simple strategies to protect you from losing your career and going through unnecessary personal strife. Avoid Social Media Society is bombarded by social media every single day. Sites such as Facebook and Twitter will not be going away anytime soon. These sites offer all users the unique chance to allow friends and family to stay connected. The majority of students have one or multiple social media accounts, and they are on them all the time. Educators have to be careful when creating and using their own personal social media accounts. The first and most important rule is that students should never be accepted as friends or allowed to follow your personal site. It is a disaster waiting to happen. If for nothing else, students do not need to know all the personal information made readily available when given access to your site. Document/Report Situation if Unavoidable On occasion, there are some situations that cannot be avoided. This is especially true for coaches or coaches who may students waiting to be picked up when they are finished. Eventually, only one could be left. In that case, the coach/tutor could choose to go sit out in the car by themselves while the student waits at the doors inside the building. It would still be advantageous to let the building principal know the next morning and to document the situation, just to cover themselves. Never Be Truly Alone There are times when it may seem necessary to be alone with a student, but there is almost always a way to avoid it. If you need to have a conference with a student, especially with a student of the opposite sex, it is always wise to ask another teacher to sit in on the conference. If no other teacher is available to sit in on the conference, it may be better to postpone it, than to have it. At the very least, you can leave your door open and make sure others in the building are aware of what is going on. Do not put yourself in a situation where it could be a he said/she said type of deal. Never Befriend Students Many first year teachers fall victim to trying to be their students’ friend instead of being a solid, effective teacher. Very little good can come out of being a student’s friend. You are setting yourself up for trouble especially if you teach middle school or high school students. It is far better to be a good, hard nose teacher that most students do not like than it is to be one that is best friends with everyone. Students will take advantage of the latter and it often easily leads to compromising situations at some point. Never Exchange Cell Phone Numbers There are not many solid reasons to have a student’s phone number or for them to have yours. If you have given a student your cell phone number, you are simply asking for trouble. The texting era has led to an increase in compromising situations. Students, who would not dare say anything inappropriate to a teacher’s face, will be bold and brazen through a text. By giving a student your cell phone number, you open the door to those possibilities. If you do receive an inappropriate message, you could ignore it or report it, but why open yourself to that possibility when you can just keep your number private. Never Give Students a Ride Providing a student with a ride puts you in a liable situation. First of all, if you have a wreck and the student is injured or killed, you will be held responsible. That should be enough to deter this practice. People are also easily seen in cars. This can give people a false perspective that can lead to trouble. Let’s say that you innocently give a student whose car broke down a ride home. Someone in the community sees you and begins a rumor saying that you are having an inappropriate relationship with that student. It could ruin your credibility. It simply isn’t worth it, because there were likely other options. Never Respond to Personal Questions Students of all ages will ask personal questions. Set limits immediately when the school year begins and refuse to allow your students or yourself to cross that personal line. This is especially true if you are unmarried. It is no student’s business as to whether or not you have a boyfriend or girlfriend. If they cross the line by asking something too personal, tell them they crossed a line and then immediately report it to an administrator. Students often fish for information and will take things as far as you let them.

Agriculture in the next 30 years Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Agriculture in the next 30 years - Assignment Example For quite a long time, researchers have ranked agriculture as the major source of income globally. In this regard, as the main economic activity and many countries’ economic backbone, speculations have always been made in fear of what might happen the next minute.A renowned scholar, Glen Hiemstra, of futurist.com once noted that any individual who does not emprise technology that comes along with agriculture remain a stumbling block to countries economic progress. In support to Hiemstra words, every individual’s effort towards agriculture helps to boost country’s GDP and per capita income.As an activity drawing scholarly interest, several definitions have been brought forth all inclined towards recognizing agriculture as farming or husbandry, a way of animal cultivation, plants and fungi production as well as production of foods and fiber all geared towards human life sustainability (Rosner, 2009). As a study majorly phrased as agricultural science refers to huma n activities. This paper gives an in-depth analysis of the future expectations of agriculture, drawing argument from past and present happenings. Agricultural activities date back thousands of years and it has developed tremendously due to different climates, cultures, and technology. Being the backbone of human life, agriculture had to be developed continuously to sustain the needs of the people in the world. In confirmation of the importance of the activity in generating income, most of the industries worldwide deal with agricultural product in their operations (Li, Liu, & Chen, 2011). Agriculture is thus a core activity to the world and people cannot live without it. The economy has to grow through the help of agriculture as the main activity. In general, as years go by, the need for foods, feed, fibers, biofuels, and fishing will increase significantly thus the need to develop and diversify agricultural sector. This will greatly be attributed by the desire to feed the constantly growing population, creation of employment activities to the citizens, need for a source of income and due to the fact that it is a source of foreign exchange. As such, every individual expects positive development of agriculture in the future. This is from the understanding of the impact it has to a county’s development. Agriculture is a very costly exercise in terms of cost and involvement, like for instance, buying of pesticides, nutrient runoff, excessive water usage and many more. Furthermore, pesticide poisoning, pollution of environment through chemicals emitted by agricultural activities are the major negative impacts by agriculture. Pollution of water by biofuels emitted from industries causes water scarcity hence increased the challenge of producing enough food for the growing population. Thus, the need to fulfill agricultural needs results to environmental degradation and negative implications on peoples lives in terms of high costs and their health and therefore the need for stern measures to be taken to counter the effects. It is expected therefore that in the future, having in mind the increasing living standards, the cost of all the above-mentioned will increase notably (Hiemstra, 2000). However, other scholars are for the opinion that better and cheaper means of farming might be initiated cutting down much of the expenses and hence bettering and increasing the production. The presently initiated biotechnological products will in the future, if not well handled expose human beings to dangerous infections such as cancer, diabetes, and heart attacks. People infected with such disease may even end up dying or developing lifetime complexities (Mundlak, 2000). The need to feed the growing population has called for swift development in crop production and pest control. In future, it is expected that technological advancements will be developed swiftly to curb food shortage and various pest control techniques. Disease prevalence in crops has ho wever remained constant despite all the

Business Plan to create a Maintenance Training in Jakarta Research Paper

Business Plan to create a Maintenance Training in Jakarta - Research Paper Example This document provides an analysis of the market, demand condition and other relevant factors. The plan proposes solutions on how to recruit local staff and potential talent to enter the aviation industry. The scope of the report include corporate strategy, finance, marketing, and human resources. The report includes a feasibility study that examines the relevant risks and other dominant factors and matters which are relevant concerns prior to the commitment of resources into the project. The recipients of this report are the stakeholders that include the government of Indonesia and other players who are going to play various roles. This includes sponsors, institution management and other people at the helm of affairs in the training center. The primary focus of the research will be on the maintenance of investments and comparative analysis with other flight training services. The report invokes some elements of mandatory Full Flight Simulators (FFS) and the use of flight instruction s that will be seconded by ETOPS organization which is headquartered in Toulouse, France. The research concludes that it will be better to maintain infrastructure for Asian Aviation Academy in Asia but retain staff members in France and sending instructors to the Asian unit where necessary. This is because it will be expensive to maintain full-time paid staff members in the Asian unit. Also, it is strongly recommended that Asian Aviation Academy must use local resources to reduce costs and retain attractive offers to consumers in order to gain and maintain market share in contrast with other competitors in the industry. It is recommended that Asian Aviation Academy must commence with the Airbus. To this end, the focus of the business plan is on Airbus. As the company grows and the institution gets rooted in the region, the portfolio could be expanded to train other players like Bombardier, Emirates, ATR and other entities. The market analysis is conducted on the basis of this assump tion. CHAPTER 1 GENERAL CONTEXT This proposal focuses on training staff members in some aspects of the Airbus aircrafts and its relevant aviation management job training. In order to examine it, there is the need to undertake a critical review of the scope of work and the technical components of the Airbus family of aircrafts and devices. The primary focus of the Asian Aviation Academy (hereafter referred to as AAA) will be on the A320 which is the smallest and the most popular airline in the range. To this end, AAA will be positioned to train staff members with the management and running of the A320 aircraft and provide all the basic services in this aircraft. The basic services will provide a model for the integration of other airlines in the range and help to promote an efficient training system and structure. 1.1 Market Analysis In the macrocosmic sense, the aviation industry experienced a major boom after 1980 (Sinha 31). This is because deregulation and other liberalization ar rangements ensured that the number of airlines could be increased in nations. Also, the previous tradition of only allowing governments to own airlines was eliminated with the introduction of reforms and deregulation which allowed private participation in the global airline industry. Asia and the

Analyze The Anatomical Structure Of Ten Essay Example for Free

Analyze The Anatomical Structure Of Ten Essay Distinguish among the four tissue types found in the human body. Provide an example of each type with its function and location. Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful. Cells of the epithelial tissue have different shapes as shown on the students worksheet. Cells can be thin, flat to cubic to elongate. Connective tissue is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissues. Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and protection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, which are all considered connective tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type. The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature. Nerve tissue is composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neurons are long and string-like. Distinguish among five different types of connective tissue with examples of functions and location within the body. Adipose fatty tissue; type of loose connective tissue that stores energy, insulates and cushions the body Fibrous Tissue composed of bundles of collagenous white fibers between which are rows of connective tissue cells. Bone tissue Most rigid connective tissue, internally supports body structures, very active tissue, heals much more rapidly than cartilage cartilage tissue Dense, flexible tissue similar to bone tissue blood tissue Consists of blood cells surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix called plasma.  Funcion: transport vehicle for cardiovascular system, carrying nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, and many other subs thru body hemopoietic tissue Produces blood cells that are added to the circulating blood, removes worn out blood cells from the blood stream, red bone marrow, lymphatic tissue, yellow bone marrow Analyze five different types of epithelial tissue with examples of functions and location within the body. Simple squamous-single layer of thin, flat, many-sided cells each with a central nucleus. It lines internal cavities, the heart and all the blood vessels. Also lines parts of the urinary, respiratory, and male reproductive tracts. Stratified squamous-consists of many layers of cells. Innermost layer produces cells that are first cuboidal or columnar in shape, but as cells push toward the surface, they become flattened and begin to accumulate a protein called keratin and eventually die. Keratin makes the outer layer of epidermis tough, protective, and able to repel water. The linings of the mouth, throat, anal canal, and vagina are examples of stratified epithelium. The outermost layer of cells surrounding the cavity remains soft, moist, and alive. Simple cuboidal-single layer of cube-shaped cells, each with a central nucleus. Found in tubules of the kidney and in the ducts of many glands, where it has a protective function. It also occurs in the secretory portions of some glands, where the tissue produces and releases secretions. Simple columnar-single layer of tall, cylindrical cells, each with a nucleus near the base. This tissue, which lines the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus, protects, secretes, and allows absorption of nutrients. Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar-appears to be layered, though actually all cells touch the basement membrane. Many cilia are located on the free end of each cell. In the human trachea, the cilia wave back and forth, moving mucus and debris up toward the throat so that it cannot enter the lungs. Smoking destroys these cilia, but they will grow back if smoking is discontinued.

History of Germany Essay -- essays research papers

Germany, a country rich in culture and heritage, yet plagued by the fallout of World War I and World War II, has progressed to become the centerpiece of the European Union and the world’s third richest economy. The first German Empire dates back to the Roman Empire starting in the 8th century AD. During the Middle Ages the German Empire fended off many attacks against their soil from the Hungarians and the Slavs. Fighting and power struggles continued until the 1400’s, when the modern world gradually came into existence with intellectual, economic and political changes. During the late 1490’s and early 1500’s, Maximilian I put into motion his plan to reform the German Empire by creating an Imperial Supreme Court (Reichskammergericht), levying imperial taxes and increasing the power of the Imperial Diet (Reichstag) (Wikipedia). By the mid 1500’s Germany was a reforming nation with revolts, uprisings and a general division of the empire based on religious beliefs and resentment. This division of factions led to the Thirty Year’s War which ravaged Germany from 1618 to 1648. The war ended in 1648 with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia. As a result, German territory was lost to France and Sweden. In the following years, imperial power declined as states gained more power. This power struggle led to a century of resistance against German rule and persecution. The French revolution sparked a new war between France and its Eastern neighbors. In 1803 Napoleon relaunched the war against the Roman Empire and abolished almost all the smaller secular states and most of the imperial free cities (Wikipedia). The Roman Empire was formally dissolved on August 6, 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II resigned. At that time the Confederation of the Rhine was established under Napoleon’s protection and in 1815 Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo. Following Napoleon’s defeat, the territory of the former Roman Empire was broken into a loose union of 39 states with 35 ruling princes and 4 free cities. Germany began to be industrialized in the 19th century. In 1825 the first steamship sailed on the Rhine and in 1833 the first telegraph was constructed. Railway lines were built in 1835 and in 1866 Siemens constructed the first dynamo (Wikipedia). The industrialization led to modern warfare techniques and ultimately the nationalism, imperialist competition and mi... ...est Berlin (Wikipedia). West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl outlined a plan for the unification of the two nations on November 28, 1989. A formal union of the two political systems occurred in October, 1990. In essence, East Germany was annexed by West Germany and took on its monetary and legal systems. Currently, Germany is quite possibly the centerpiece of the European Union and a strong support of the enlargement of NATO and the EU. Germany’s military participate in multinational relief efforts and has backed the United States in Afghanistan after the terrorist attacks on 9/11. With annual exports of $900 billion, Germany is the World’s leading exporter, well ahead of the United States. Even with its tarnished past and history of war and struggles, Germany is a country that has come a long way in the last two decades with respect to its government, industry and education. Detwiler, Donald S. Germany: a Short History. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999. â€Å"History of Germany.† Wickipedia. 4 Aug. 2005. 28 Jul 2005 â€Å"History of Germany since 1945.† Wickipedia. 24 Jul 2005. 28 Jul 2005 K., Joseph & G., Owen. A History O’Germany. 7 Feb 2001. 28 Jul 2005

Master’s Degree and Medical Science Essay

I am writing to you because I want you to know that I admire your school and your teachings. I am seeking admission to your Master Degree Program in Medical Science, which is provided by the University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill. My passion and dedication for helping others in our community has strongly influenced my decision to gain admission to your university. Another reason why I want to attend your university is my grandpa. He is the one person who inspired me the most to apply to your school because he wants me to achieve the highest education possible at one of the top schools in North Carolina. My main goals are to help and provide care for our community in North Carolina. I feel that your program in Medical Science at the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill is an excellent institution for the career skills I seek. The major I want to complete is Masters in Science (medical) in becoming a Physician Assistant. I looked into your program deeper and the university has six programs that can assist me in becoming a Physician Assistant. I truly feel that my calling in life is to help people in the medical field. I understand that in order to achieve my goal of a Master’s Degree requires hard work and being focused. That is why I choose to take the transfer program before applying to a university such as yours. I wanted to make sure that this is the course I wanted to pursue before diving into the fast pace life of a big university. If I had to describe myself in word it would be focused; because I want to achieve my Master’s in Medical science. I am a moldable person and my quest of learning all that can be taught would aid any professor’s in teaching and  helping me achieve my major. I am a student that wants to learn the lecture. Hard working is another good skill of mine because I have to work hard if I want to excel in my classes and in my career. Professors would want to teach me because they are helping me further my education and helping me in following my dreams. Plus I am excited to learn about new subjects and knowledge that will help out in the real world. Student life on campus would be new to me. I currently stay at home and attend Sandhills Community College transfer program. I am eager to spread my wings and soak in the â€Å"campus life.† I am not a disruptive individual in the classroom or outside of class. I would enjoy the atmosphere of the classes and the diverse group that attend these classes with me. I am very respectful of other people and would not treat anyone how I would not want to be treated. My mom installed in me years earlier the saying â€Å"Don’t start nothing and there won’t be nothing.† I understand that in some courses that you just have a need for study groups. These groups are beneficial to everyone that attends them. A different prospective on subjects are important to realizing all there is to that particular subject. I understand that when you attend this level of school the hand holding by teachers is over. It is your job to attend classes, pay attention and do the material that is required by that professor. If accepted into the master’s program at UNC I fully intend to participate in school functions that are asked of me. Also, attend those that have special meaning to me. I am fully prepared to give a 100% effort in making UNC better in any way possible. Being able to say that I achieved my master’s degree from UNC is a source of great pride and I wouldn’t do anything to tarnish that or the school. I am looking forward to the day when I look out over the crowd, while being handed my degree, and seeing the smiles of my family. That would be a proud moment for me, my family and the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. The fact that you help prepare another student by teaching and securing the most up to date knowledge provided in that field of study; then in turn that student working, studying and passing the curriculum. The reward being a Master’s Degree in Medical Science, I can’t wait!

Social Entrepreneurship

There are substantial issues related to social entrepreneurship and how they are dealing with challenges including competition, structure, adapting to a changing economic and social environment, and employee retention and satisfaction. There is a perception by some small businesses that an unfair competition exists because a nonprofit may already be an established agency with resources of their own. They argue that social entrepreneurship may take a significant piece of a limited customer base that is shared by struggling small businesses. Differing views among scholars raise the issue of definition, mission, and validity of social entrepreneurships. In America, some believe that social entrepreneurship must remain in the private sector and operated as a substitute for social welfare. (Bacq & Janssen 2001) Others limit their focus to the social entrepreneur's role within the organization. Bill Drayton of The American Social Innovation School posits that the social entrepreneur's characteristics as a change agent are the central element of social entrepreneurship, while others insist that the organization must remain the primary focus. The mission-centric nature of social entrepreneurship is a point of contention as well. Scholars are divided over the necessity to link the social mission with the financial goals. Some believe that the commercial activities do not need to be connected to the social mission, so long as the revenues are used to fund the social activities. Adam Smith (1976) suggests that businesses, although may have good intentions, are easily dissuaded from the pursuit of social good. Dees and Anderson (2003) also acknowledge the risks of conflicts between having both a social mission and wealth creation objective, admitting that successful examples of such setups are rare in practice. In some instances, as observed by Dees (2012), the social mission can â€Å"be at odds† with profit motives. (Dees, 2012, p. 321). Dacin, Dacin, and Matear (2010, p. 45) also highlight that it is an â€Å"increasingly important concern that all forms of business face: how to weave social and economic concerns into the fabric of organization management, to the mutual satisfaction of stakeholders.† Additionally, Dees and Anderson (2003) suggest that the most significant challenge of operating a for-profit social enterprise is the complexity of combining two opposed objectives which are amplified by the pressures to compromise social mission in pursuit of financial performance. Regarding mission drift, scholars argue that the business model brings more tensions that benefit. They suggest that situations will inevitably arise due to the different objectives leading to a divergence of goals and values. Smith, Gonin & Besharov (2013) point to the â€Å"competing demands† and the â€Å"ethical dilemmas† that are likely to arise in such a situation. Seedco (2007) adds that even though social entrepreneurs have a strong commitment to the social goal, they may be quickly moved from this goal due to increasing financial problems (Seedco 2007).

How to Get Out of the Sophomore Slump

How to Get Out of the Sophomore Slump In your sophomore year in college? Feeling uninspired and unmotivated? You just might be in whats known as the college sophomore slump. For most students, its what happens during your second year of college: youre over the excitement of your first year but not close enough to graduating yet to be focusing on life after college. So whats a college student to do in the meantime? Take a Class for Fun You might be feeling slumpish because you are having to take tons of prereqs before you can get into the nice, meaty courses required for your major. Or you may not even be sure what to major in. Either way, add a little spice to your routine by taking a class just for fun. It can be yoga, ballet, an art class, or anything thats out of the ordinary for you. Join a New Club or Organization Your first year in school, you were probably so busy adjusting to life as a college student that your time management skills were shall we say less than stellar. But now that you know the ropes, join a new club or organization that will provide you with a creative outlet and something enjoyable to do each week. Get Involved in Student Government Even if youve never done student government before, see if you can represent your residence hall, your academic class, or even a constituency you belong to (like transfer students, for example). It can be a great way to keep you motivated to talk to other students, stay on top of current issues, and develop some leadership skills. (Not to mention that it looks good on your resume.) Volunteer on Campus No matter where you go to school, chances are that there is some kind of volunteer program you can join. See who needs volunteers this year and you just might end up motivating yourself along with others. Volunteer in the Local Community Maybe a change of scene is more whats needed. If so, see what volunteer options are available in your local community. Mentor First-year Students You just might be in the sophomore slump because you are doing well in college which means that perhaps you can be a good role model for incoming first-year students who need some guidance about adjusting to college life. See if your school has a mentoring program you can join and if not, see about starting one yourself! Get a Fun Job On Campus True, most students work in college for the money. But if you need to mix things up a little, this can be a great way to still get income while also enjoying yourself. Work in the campus coffee shop, at the theater, or in any other avenue that offers a fun, engaging environment. Get a Fun Job Off Campus Perhaps you do need a change of scene from your campus but dont have the time to volunteer. Try to combine both your financial needs and your need for change into an off-campus job that is interesting and something new. Get Involved Politically What are local politics like near your school? Can you volunteer on someones campaign? Join a national campaign for a person or an issue you care about? Become involved in a movement for a cause that is near and dear to your heart? Start Planning a Great Trip Sophomore year can be a little challenging because there often isnt one big thing to look forward to. So why not create your own highlight of the year? See what your options are for planning a fun trip over Thanksgiving break, winter break, spring break, or even a long weekend coming up. It just might do the trick of getting you out of your sophomore slump and back into your normal groove.

Veronica Roth Fiction and Movie List

Veronica Roth Fiction and Movie List Veronica Roth wrote the first of the books that would become the best-selling Divergent series when she was still in college, earning a degree in creative writing. She wrote Divergent during winter break before her graduation in 2010 and sold the book the same year. It debuted at No. 6 on The New York Times best-seller list. It captured the imagination of the public, and two more books in the series followed: Insurgent and Allegiant. In the three young-adult science fiction novels, she told a coming-of-age story set in post-apocalyptic Chicago. Following the release of several Divergent series companion novellas and short stories, Roth began what may become a second series with the release of Carve the Mark in 2017. Books and Short Fiction by Veronica Roth 2011 -  Divergent  is the first book in a young-adult dystopian trilogy that takes place in a future Chicago. The story is told from the perspective of Tris, a 16-year-old. This future society is split into five factions based on the virtue they cultivate- Candor (the honest), Abnegation (the selfless), Dauntless (the brave), Amity (the peaceful)  and Erudite (the intelligent). Every 16-year-old must choose which faction they will devote their lives to and then undergo a rigorous initiation into the group. Beatrice, or Tris, must choose between her family and who she truly is.2012 -  Insurgent, the second book in the  Divergent  trilogy, deals with the fallout of Tris choice and a looming war between factions.2012 -  Free Four  - This  short story  retells the knife throwing scene from Divergent  from Tobias perspective.2013 -  Shards Ashes  - This anthology of short stories included a selection from  Veronica Roth.2013 -  Allegiant  - The last book i n the  Divergent  trilogy reveals the secrets of the dystopian world that captivated millions of readers in Divergent and Insurgent. 2013 - Four: The Transfer is a  novella that examines the world of the Divergent series through the eyes of Tobias Eaton.2014- The Initiate - Tobias  initiation into Dauntless, his first tattoo, and his interest in training new initiates are all covered in this novella.2014 - Four: The Son - This novella explores Tobias  struggles with the Dauntless hierarchy as he learns a secret about his past that could affect his future.2014 - Four: The Traitor  - The novella runs parallel with the early events in Divergent and includes the first meeting of Tobias and Tris Prior.2014 -  Four: A Divergent Story Collection is a  companion volume to the Divergent series that is told from the perspective of Tobias. It includes The Transfer, The Initiate, The Son and The Traitor, all of which were originally published separately.2017 - Carve the Mark  is a science fiction fantasy set on a planet where violence rules and every person receives a currentgift, a unique power meant to shape t he future. The currentgift given to Cyra and Akos, two characters from separate tribes, make them vulnerable to the control of others. When the enmity between their factions and families seems insurmountable, they decide to help each other to survive. 2017  - We Can Be Mended is a short story epilogue that takes place five years after Allegiant. It focuses on the character Four. Movies Made From Roth Books Four big-screen movies have been made from the three books of the Divergent series: Divergent (2014)Insurgent (2015)The Divergent Series: Allegiant (2016)The Divergent Series: Ascendent (2017)

Samsung electronics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Samsung electronics - Research Paper Example Notably, the company was founded in the year 1938 as a trading company. Samsung has since been manufacturing many electronic components. Some of these include lithium-ion, chips, hard drive, flash memory, and semiconductors for its major clients including Sony, Apple, Nokia, and HTC. However, in the recent years, Samsung electronics has since diversified its services into consumer electronics. Currently, Samsung is known as the largest mobile phones and smart phones manufacturer. This latest shift sparked the popularity of Samsung electronics’ Samsung Galaxy (Michell, 2011). Other than the phones, Samsung electronics is also a major tablet computers vendor particularly the Android powered Samsung Galaxy tab. Samsung also manufactures personal computers for commercial purposes. The figure below shows how the prices of the Samsung Galaxy smart phones, Samsung Galaxy tabs and Samsung personal computers have changed in the last two years (Russell and Cohn, 2012). Opportunity cost refers to an activity a firm can undertake as an alternative to its current line of business. For Samsung, two such examples include the motor vehicle industry and home furniture industry. Samsung is considered a firm that produces very high quality products. Consumers have trust in their products. If the firm was to start manufacturing motor vehicles, the same quality would be transferred. This good quality comes at an affordable price. This would mean that even the average consumer would buy a high quality vehicle at an affordable price (Russell and Cohn, 2012). The same case applies to the production of home furniture. Consumers would be willing to pay for getting good service. One scarcity issue faced by Samsung is the overwhelming demand for its products. In the year 2000, it had to issue licenses to various production companies worldwide to manufacture their products under their name. It is very possible to get a Samsung electronic device made in China and a

Why I Need A College Degree Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why I Need A College Degree - Personal Statement Example Additionally, I need a college degree in order to cope better in turbulent economic times including recession. This is based on what I have gathered from research that individuals without a college degree were the worst hit by the recession and they had difficulty recovering from it after 2007 (Penn State, 2010). Another reason I need a college degree is to advance my critical thinking skills. College education will expose to situations that will challenge my existing knowledge and make me develop new ways of thinking and analyzing issues without taking some things for granted. Despite of the knowledge I have got while in service, I need a college degree in order to remain updated. Today’s world is changing fast and it requires a person to change at its pace and college education will equip me with the latest knowledge especially since college is a hub of research. In addition, more people are increasingly pursuing college education and as such, I need a college degree in order to identify and interact meaningfully with peers who are pursuing college degrees (Penn State, 2010). I need a college degree because it will be a step towards personal fulfillment and actualization. Besides the ease that the knowledge I will get from a college degree will give me working for a law enforcement agency, the certificate will be an artifact of achievement and will add to my fulfillment in life. This will further help me to motivate my children in their academic endeavor and to demonstrate to them that age is not a factors to academic success. I need a college degree for professional credibility that is important in today’s world. Peers and clients are confident working with a person whose service and capacity is credible and whose qualification is not doubtful. While it is possible to perform well in a job even without a college degree, I need a college degree because it will add onto better job performance. This is because college education will give me more

Laws and regulation relating to the kentucky board of embalmers and Essay

Laws and regulation relating to the kentucky board of embalmers and funeral directors - Essay Example A funeral establishment cannot operate unless under direct supervision by a Board licensed embalmer or funeral director and each of these Board licensed individuals cannot operate more than one establishment at any given time. Each year, a license must be issued and processed by the Board along with the applicable renewal license fee of $100. Along with this yearly renewal fee, every Board licensed embalmer and funeral director must attend a minimum of four hours in a continuing education program or programs approved by the Board. If a license has expired and failure to renew within three years of the license expiration date, the applicant pays a late fee and provides proof of attendance at the continuing education course along with passing an examination outlining the ability to pass a competency examination. It is possible for a person holding an embalmer's or funeral director's license from another state or federal district to obtain a Kentucky license provided this individual has met the same or similar requirements for a license set out in provision KRS 316.030 and pays the required fees and license renewal fees to the Board. The Board can revoke or suspend a license should there be a violation of provisions of the Board g

Quality management systems

Quality management systems INTRODUCTION This chapter reviews and peruses various quality management systems (QMS) and other literature work in the area of research. It will try to inquire into the view points and thoughts of scholars and academicians in relation to the field of study. It will also give an overview of Information Systems (IS). Quality and QMS Defined Quality is defined by ISO 9000 series as the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements. In other words, quality can be regarded as fitness for purpose or conformance to users expectations since the user determines whether a product is of the desired quality. (Ghana Standards Board, International Trade Centre, P 109) The quality of goods and services results from many interrelated activities. These activities need to be coordinated through a Quality Management System. As indicated by John Ruskin, â€Å"Quality is never an accident; it is always the result of intelligent effort. In order to survive in todays competitive marketplace, an organization has to consistently satisfy its customers needs and anticipate their future needs. This can be achieved by providing customers with the products they want, â€Å"getting it right first time†, without the need for rework. To satisfy customers, one must go higher along the production chain, right up to the suppliers not forgetting employee morale and commitment. Suppliers provide the raw materials or products for further processing by employees; if suppliers and employees do what is expected of them, â€Å"getting it right first time,† customers will be satisfied. As defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO): TQM is a management approach for an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the organization and to society. (ISO 8402:1994) A quality management system in the enterprise, based on prevention rather than cure, minimizes waste and rework by ensuring that products are made right first time and every time. In adopting a preventive approach by investing in plants and equipment, training staff and purchasing the appropriate raw materials/inputs, an organization can reduce inspection cost and more specifically, the costs of failure and/or delays. These costs arise from rework or discarding non-conforming in-process material and finished products. Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Management (QM) Models The publication of the ISO 9000 series of standards in 1987 heightened awareness of the benefits of QA requirements among SMEs, many of which implemented ISO 9000 QA models to improve their competitive position as well as to join the ranks of suppliers to large companies. While both the 1987 and 1994 versions of ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003 were based on a QA model, the revised standard (ISO 9001) published in 2000 is based on QM principles (Ghana Standards Board, Export quality management, 2009) The broad relationships between inspection, quality control, quality assurance and quality management are summarized in the table below. System Objective Activities Applicability Nature Inspection Product conformance by screening out conforming products from nonconforming products Visual checks/ measuring; then testing and reporting the results. Generally, Production-related activities, such as checking incoming goods, in-process or final product, pre-dispatch, etc Detection after the event. Quality control Product Conformance by Eliminating causes of nonconforming products Inspection followed by appraisal of results and feedback to the process being controlled As above Detection and-or off-line correction. Quality assurance Generating confidence in product conformance Comprises all QC activities, plus documented quality systems and quality audits All functions of the company from design to after-sales service. Prevention. Quality Management Continual improvement of product conformance Continual improvement of processes in addition to all QA activities As above Prevention and improvement. What are the ISO 9000 series of Standards The ISO 9000 series consist of four primary standards supported by several other documents. The four primary standards are ISO 9000, Quality management systems Fundamentals and vocabulary; ISO 9001, Quality management systems Requirements; ISO 9004, Quality management systems Guidelines for performance improvements ISO 19011, Guidelines on quality and/or environmental management auditing. ISO 9000 is a starting point for understanding the standard, as it defines the fundamental terms used in the ISO 9000 family or set of standards for quality management. ISO 9001 specifies the requirements for quality management systems which enable you to demonstrate your ability to provide products that fulfil customer and applicable regulatory requirements; it also aims to enhance customer satisfaction. ISO 9004 provides you with guidance on the continual improvement of your quality management system so that the needs and expectations of all interested parties are met. These interested parties include customers and end-users, directors and staff in the organisation, owners and investors, suppliers and partners, and society at large. ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 are consistent pair of standards that relate modern quality management to processes and activities of an organization, and emphasize the promotion of continual improvement and the achievement of customer satisfaction. ISO 9001, which focuses on the effectiveness of the quality management system in meeting customer requirements, is used for certification or for contractual agreements between suppliers and buyers. By contrast, ISO 9004 cannot be used for certification as it does not prescribe requirements but provides guidance for the continual improvement of an organisations performance. ISO 9001 focuses on effectiveness, i.e. doing the right thing in the right way. The ISO 9000 quality management system is generic in nature: it is applicable to both the manufacturing and services sectors, and to enterprises of all sizes, including the single entrepreneur. ISO 9001 specifies what an enterprise is required to do, but it does not indicate how this is to be done thus giving the enterprise much flexibility in running its business. (Crosby, 1992) Worldwide use of ISO 9000 The ISO 9000 standards are widely used around the world. A survey conducted by ISO indicated that at least 4008,631 ISO certificates were awarded in 158 countries in 2000, up by 64, 988 certificates over the figure for end of December 1999, when the total stood at 343,643 for 150 countries. The figures were also significantly higher than the 27,816 certificates issued in 48 countries by 31st January 1993, when the survey was first conducted. The number of certificates issued in Europe in 2000 was 220,127 or 53% of the total. The Far East had 20.05%, North America 11.82%, New Zealand and Australia 6.68%, Africa and West Asia 4.94%, and Central and South America 2.64%. Information on the sector covered by the certificates at the end of 2000 was obtained for 317,126 certificates. The highest number recorded was for basic metal products (40,713 certificates or 12.84% of the total), and the smallest number for nuclear fuel (115, 0.03%) The figures for various other sectors are as follows: electrical and optical equipment, 38,148 (12.0%); food products, beverages and tobacco, 11,440 (3.6%); information technology, 11,067 (3.5%); textiles and textile products, 5, 178 (1.6%); and hotels and restaurants, 1,187 (0.4%) Is quality management an issue only for management? A glance at the definition of quality Management-â€Å"coordinated activities to direct and control an organisation with regard to quality† gives an impression that it is an issue for management only. This impression is reinforced by the fact that the eight quality management principles that form the basis of the ISO 9000 series are all used by senior management as a framework for guiding the organisation towards improved performance. The eight management principles are: Principle 1 Customer focus Principle 2 Leadership, Principle 3 Involvement of people Principle 4 Process approach Principle 5 System approach Principle 6 Continual improvement, Principle 7 Factual approach to decision-making, and Principle 8 Mutually beneficial supplier relationships Herbert Simon argued years ago that the core of managing lies in decision making, which is best thought of as process comprising three phases: Finding occasions for making decisions, Finding possible courses of action, and Choosing among courses of action Looking at the quality management principles again, but from Simons point of view, one finds that some of them provide workers with ample scope for making decisions that influence quality. It would appear that the principles related to customer focus, leadership, system approach to management, and development of mutually beneficial supplier relationships are issues for management only. The other principles apply to employees at all levels in the organisation. Employees accept ownership of problems and their responsibility for solving them. The process approach is applicable to everyone, each person having a triple role (i.e. everyone in an organisation is seen as a customer, processor and a supplier). Continual improvement is within the reach of employees at all levels as they can be trained in the methods of continual improvement and the tools involve. Everyone can base his or her decision on accurate and reliable data, this being made available wherever decisions have to be taken. If everyone looks at quality management as managing of quality, then quality management is within the decision-making scope of both managers and workers. There is a Japanese rule that attributes quality problems to poor product design (40%), errors made during the manufacturing process (30%), and nonconforming materials purchased from suppliers (30%). Generally design and purchasing problems can be solved only through managerial intervention. One can say that quality problems in manufacturing are caused in equal proportion by managers (e.g. inadequate training of workers) and workers (e.g. inadequate attention to machine setting). One can conclude that 85% of the problems come under management control and 15% are under worker control. This ratio of 85:15 has been substantially documented in the literature of quality management. Only 15% of defective products can be attributed to production operators while the other 85% are caused by management. System problems like inadequate maintenance of equipment and faulty raw materials/components can be resolved only by top management. Quality management is regarded in ISO 9000 as comprising four elements: Quality planning, Quality control, Quality assurance and Quality improvement While all four elements are within the purview of management, workers are directly responsible for quality control conducted at the operational level. It should be noted that workers could also contribute to quality improvement if they have been trained in simple problem-solving techniques. FOOD SAFETY QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Food safety is related to the presence of food-borne hazards in food at the point of consumption, (intake by the consumer). As the introduction of food safety hazards can occur at any stage of the food chain, adequate control throughout the food chain is essential. Thus food safety is ensured through the combined efforts of all the parties participating in the food chain. The following are generally recognised key elements to ensure food safety along the food chain, up to the point of final consumption: Interactive communication; System Management; Prerequisite programmes; HACCP principles Communication along the food chain is essential to ensure that all relevant food safety hazards are identified and adequately controlled at each step within the food chain. This implies communication between organizations both upstream and downstream in the food chain. Communication with customers and suppliers about identified hazards and control measures will assist in clarifying customer and supplier requirements (e.g. with regard to the feasibility and need for these requirements and their impact on the end product). Recognition of the organisations role and position within the food chain is essential to ensure effective interactive communication throughout the chain in order to deliver safe food products to the final consumer. The most effective food safety systems are established, operated and updated within the framework of a structured system and incorporated into the overall management activities of the organization. This provides maximum benefit for the organisation and interested parties. ISO 22000:2005 has been aligned ISO 9001 in order to enhance the compatibility of the two standards. ISO 22000 integrates the principles of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and application steps developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. By means of auditable requirements, it combines the HACCP plan with prerequisite programmes (PRPs). Hazard analysis is the key to an effective food safety management, since conducting a hazard analysis assists in organising the knowledge required to establish an effective combination of control assist in organising the knowledge required to establish an effective combination of control measures. ISO 22000 requires that all hazards that may be reasonably expected to occur in the food chain, including hazards that may be associated with the type of process and facilities used, are identified and assessed. Thus it provides the means to determine and document why certain identified hazards need to be controlled by a particular organisation and why others need not. BUSINESS PROCESSES AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS In order to operate, businesses must deal with many different pieces of information about suppliers, customers, employees, invoices and payments, and of course product and services. They must organise work activities that use this information systems to operate efficiently and enhance the overall performance of the firm. Information systems make it possible for firms to manage all their information, make better decisions and improve the execution of their business processes. (Laudon and laudon 2006). BUSINESS PROCESSES Information systems are all about improving business processes which lie at the very heart of a business. So it is important to understand what is meant by â€Å"business processes† Business processes, refer to the manner in which work is organised, coordinated, and focused to produce a valuable product or service. Business processes are workflows of materials, information, and knowledge-set of activities. Business processes also refers to the unique ways in which organisations coordinate work, information and knowledge, and the ways in which management chooses to coordinate work. Every business can be seen as a collection of business processes. Some of these processes are part of larger encompassing processes. For example, almost every business has a way to hire employees. The process of hiring employees is a business process in the sense that it is a set of activities that a firm uses to hire new employees. To a large extent the performance of a business firm depends on how well its business processes are designed and coordinated. A companys business processes can be a source of competitive strength if they enable the company to innovate or to execute better than its rivals. Business processes can also be liabilities if they are based on outdated ways of working that impede organisational responsiveness and efficiency. Information systems enhance business processes primarily in two ways: Increasing the efficiency of existing processes and Enabling entirely new processes that are capable of transforming the business TYPES OF BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS There are different systems depending on the different business processes but all the systems could be viewed from two different perspectives: a functional perspective identifying systems by their major business function, and a constituency perspective that identifies systems in terms of the major organisational groups that they serve. Systems from a functional perspective From a historical perspective, functional systems were the first kinds of systems developed by business firms. These systems were located in specific departments, such as accounting, marketing and sales, production, and human resources. There are four main types of information systems that serve different functional systems: Sales and marketing information systems help the firm with marketing business processes (identifying customers for the firms products or services, developing products and services to meet their needs, promoting products and services) and sales processes (selling the products and services, taking orders, contacting customers, and providing customer support). Manufacturing and production information systems deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services, and controlling the flow of production. Finance and accounting information systems keep track of the firms financial assets and fund flows. The typical finance and accounting information systems found in large organizations. Senior management uses finance and accounting systems to establish long-term investment goals for the firms and to provide long-range forecasts of the firms financial performance. Middle management uses systems to oversee and control the firms financial resources. Operational management uses finance and accounting systems to track the flow of funds in the firm through transactions, such as paychecks, payments to vendors, securities reports, and receipts. Human resources information systems maintain employee records, track employee skills, job performance and training, and support planning for employee compensation and career development. The system can produce a variety of reports, such as list of newly hired employees, employees who are terminated or on leaves of absence, employees classified by job type or educational level, or employee job performance evaluations. Systems from a Constituency Perspective This is a perspective that examines systems in terms of the various levels of management and types of decision that they support. Each of these levels has different information needs given their different responsibilities, and each can be seen as major information constituents. Senior managers need summary information that can quickly inform them about the overall performance of the firm. Middle managers need more specific information on the results of specific functional areas and departments of the firm. Operational managers need transactional-level information, such as number of parts in inventory each day. Knowledge workers may need access to external scientific databases or internal databases with organisational knowledge. Production or service workers may need access to information from production machines, and service workers may need access to customer records in order to take orders and answer questions from customers. There are four main categories of systems from a constituency perspective. Transaction processing systems (TPS) are basic business systems that serve the operational level of the organization by recording the daily routine transactions required to conduct business, such as payroll and sales receipts. Management information systems (MIS) serve middle managers interests by providing current and historical performance information to aid in planning, controlling, and decision making at the management level. MIS typically compress TPS data to present regular reports on the companys basic operations. Decision Support Systems (DSS), or business intelligence systems, help managers with non-routine decisions that are unique, rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance. DSS are more analytical than MIS, using a variety of models to analyze internal and external data or condense large amounts of data for analysis. Executive support systems (ESS) provide a generalized computing and communications environment that help senior managers address strategic issues and identify long-term trends in the firm and its environment. ESS addresses non-routine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arriving at a solution. ESS present graphs and data from many internal and external sources through an interface that is easy for senior managers to use. Often the information is delivered to senior executives through a portal, which uses a Web interface to present integrated personalized business content. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TQM The importance of information technologies and the information systems function is no longer of debate among business people. The question, rather, is how an organization can take best advantage of IT in order to support its operations, add value to its products and services, and gain a competitive edge in the marketplace. To be able to perform up to such high expectations, the IS function must develop an intimate understanding of the expectations of its varied clientele. As organizations embark on their journey to be more responsive to their customers and to continuously improve the quality of their products and services, IS must do the same. Unfortunately, it seems that despite the importance of IT to the success of most organizations, the function is not proactive when it comes to actively pursuing and implementing quality principles. Surveys of IS managers found that a minority of IS managers (41%) understood the basic principles of Total Quality Management (TQM), and thought the y will beuseful to the IS function. Even in the cases where TQM principles were understood, they often were not implemented in the IS function. Total IS quality is a multidimensional concept. (Antonis C. Stylianou and Ram L. Kumar, September 2000) Dimensions Of Information Systems Quality Infrastructure Quality: The quality of the infrastructure (hardware and enabling software) that is fielded and maintained by IS—includes, for example, the quality of the networks, and systems software. Software Quality: The quality of the applications software built, or maintained, or supported by IS. Data Quality: The quality of the data entering the various information systems. Information Quality: The quality of the output resulting from the information systems. In many cases, the output of one system becomes the input of another. In that respect, information quality is related to data quality. Administrative Quality: The quality of the management of the IS function—Includes the quality of budgeting, planning, and scheduling. Service Quality: The quality of the service component ofthe IS function—includes the quality of customer support processes such as those related to a help desk. These dimensions overlap considerably, and what impacts one dimension will in many cases impact other dimensions as well. For example, a decline in infrastructure quality (for example, persistent network service interruptions) is likely to cause real or perceived problems with data and service quality. And even though in the eyes of some IS customers the distinction may be insignificant, it is nevertheless important in being able to respond appropriately. An appropriate response may include actions to address infrastructure quality (such as replacing a defective network component), data quality (such as more frequent backups), and service quality (such as improved communication on cause and resolution of the problem). So far, research on IS quality has addressed individual components of quality and not the big picture. Pearson et al.s framework for introducing TQM into the IS function, although broad, does not provide an integrated and detailed enough perspective for managing quality in key processes and products. Also, Pitt et al. present a model of IS success that is broad but incomplete. That model does not capture the variety of stakeholders affected, the interaction between IS and business processes, the administrative component of IS quality, and environmental influences on quality. An extensive literature exists on data and information quality, and software quality. Administrative IS quality, although it has not received as much attention on its own, is very similar to the quality of other management processes examined in the general concept. INFLUENCES ON INFORMATION SYSTEM QUALITY While IS quality is a general concept, there may be significant differences between organizations in terms of how quality is defined. Different organizations may emphasize different dimensions of IS quality. Environmental factors, such as industry type and the nature of competition, affect the importance of IS in the organization. Managing IS quality is more complicated in IT-intensive industries such as banking because of the large number of IS-supported processes and the high degree of integration between IS and business processes. The impact of organizational investments in IT on IS quality may vary depending on organizational factors such as culture, politics, and senior management support. Stakeholder perceptions of what constitutes acceptable quality may also vary depending on those factors. Departmental factors such as differences in leadership style, employee skills, and IT intensity also impact IS quality perceptions and management. These environmental, organizational, and d epartmental factors impact the relative importance of different stakeholder groups, the weights assigned by each stakeholder group to different quality attributes, and the metrics used to measure them. As a result, deciding how to configure and manage the IS quality program requires sensitivity to these factors. (Antonis C. Stylianou and Ram L. Kumar, September 2000) HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPROVE QUALITY Reduce Cycle Time and Simplify the production Process Studies have shown that probably the best single way to reduce quality problems is to reduce cycle time, which refers to the total elapsed time from the beginning of a process to its end. Shorter cycle times mean that problems are caught earlier in the process, often before the production of a defective product is completed, saving some of the hidden cost of producing it. Finding ways to reduce cycle time often means finding ways to simplify production steps. The fewer the steps in a process the less time and opportunity for an error to occur. Information systems help eliminate steps in a process and critical time delays. A company selling flowers by telephone or over the Web, used to be much smaller company that had difficulty retaining its customers. It had poor service, inconsistent quality, and a cumbersome manual order-taking process. Telephone representatives had to write each order, obtain credit card approval, determine which participating florist was closest to the delivery location, select a floral arrangement, and forward the order to the florist. Each step in the manual process increased the chance of human error, and the whole process took at least a half hour. A new information system that downloads orders taken in telecenters or over the Web to a central computer and electronically transmits them to local florists was installed. Orders are more accurate and arrive at the florist within two minutes Benchmark Companies achieve quality by using benchmarking to set strict standards for products, services, and other activities, and then measuring performance against those standards. Companies may use external industry standards, standards set by other companies; internally developed high standards; or some combination of the three. An outdoor clothing company used benchmarking to achieve an order-shipping accuracy of 99.9 percent. Its old batch order fulfillment system could not handle the surging volume and variety of items to be shipped. After studying Germans and Scandinavian companies with leading edge order fulfillment, the company redesigned its order fulfillment process and information systems so that orders could be processed as soon as they were received and shipped within 24 hours. Use Customer Demands to improve Products and Services Improving customer service, making customer service the number one priority, will improve the quality of the product itself. Improve Design Quality and Precision Computer aided design (CAD) software has made a major contribution to quality improvements in many companies, from producers of automobile to producers of razor blades. A computer-aided design (CAD) system automates the creation and revision of designs, using computers and sophisticated graphics software. Improve Production Precision and Tighten Production Tolerances For many products, quality can be enhanced by making the production process more precise, thereby decreasing the amount of variation from one part to another. CAD software often produces design specifications for tooling and manufacturing processes, saving additional time and money while producing a manufacturing process with far fewer problems. The user of this software is able to design a more precise production system, a system with tighter tolerances, than could ever be done manually. IMPLEMENTING AND MANAGING INFORMATION SYSTEM QUALITY In instituting an Information System quality program, lessons could and should be drawn from both successes and failures in quality programs implem